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Megalithic cultures in Iberia seem to have been less patrilineal and patriarchal than the ones in France, Britain, Ireland and southern Scandinavia given their more diverse Y-DNA lineages. So, what we see here is a family of elites that may have practiced inbreeding as a way to keep power in the family. #Beaker people manualThe skeletons of elites from the passage tombs also display signs of a more meat-rich diet and less manual labour. Regardless of geographic distance between the passage tombs (Eastern vs Western Ireland). The elites buried in passage tombs were found to be significantly more closely related than other people buried in common tombs. His parents were determined to have been so closely related that they were assumed by the authors of the study to have been either a father/daughter or brother/sister couple. If we look at the male sample labelled NG10 from Cassidy et al, 2020, we can observe one of the best examples of inbreeding in the ancient DNA record. To any of you who may have seen some sensationalist headlines about an “inbred elite” ruling over the people at Neoltihic Newgrange, be aware that there is some truth to that statement. The 2020 study “ A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society” examined the DNA of ancient skeletons from the Neolithic that were buried at Newgrange. What is safe to say is that the advantages in physical fitness combined with knowledge of local terrain may have been deciding factors in what allowed for this replacement of G2a lineages by I2 lineages, thus paving way for what would become the megalithic cultures of Western Europe. Let’s leave the more gruesome details of a possible hunter-gatherer takeover of EEF cultures out of this article. It is in fact remarkably similar to some customs practiced by the Proto-Indo-Europeans of the Yamnaya horizon. It is possible that the megalithic traditions emerged as some kind of new religion, closely tied to the same material culture and patrilineal society where the males almost always show the same I2 Y-DNA but the women show a more heterogeneous genetic profile in terms of both autosomal DNA and mtDNA. This phenomenon of a wide-scale resurgence of WHG paternal lines seems to have started in France, likely somewhere in the Paris basin. It happened around the same time in many different places and it is only after this replacement of G2a by I2 that we can observe the megalithic cultures kicking off. Judging by the currrent DNA record, this takeover appears surprisingly coordinated. A more realistic guess is that there was some kind of violent takeover where local hunter-gatherers “took control” of already existing agricultural societies. It’s currently not known how exactly this happened, but it seems unlikely that the Anatolian farmers who carried haplogroup G2a just willingly allowed hunter-gatherers to replace them and practically eradicate their paternal line from the gene pool. But at one point, there was some sort of resurgence of local hunter-gatherer paternal markers (I2). In early farmer cultures in Europe, G2a was very common. This is especially interesting because the Y-DNA haplogroup that is the most associated with EEF from Anatolia is G2a. Only the male lines seem to have been replaced. Keep in mind, they still had mtDNA lineages typical of Anatolian farmers, and most of their autosomal DNA was still like that of Anatolian farmers. But back then, from Portugal to France, to Britain and to Scandinavia, the males of these megalithic cultures almost all belonged to haplogroup I2. However, what is so remarkable about many groups of megalith builders is that they almost exclusively carried the Y-DNA haplogroup I2. They also carried small amounts of WHG ancestry. Their ancestry was overwhelmingly Early European Farmer from early Cardium Pottery groups of EEF. The people of the megalithic cultures show a somewhat uniform genetic profile. Differences between the outcomes of Bell Beaker expansions in Britain and IberiaĪn EEF culture with an elite class descended from hunter-gatherers?.Brutal extermination of megalithic men? The arrival of the Beaker folk.An EEF culture with an elite class descended from hunter-gatherers?. |
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